alexander litvinovsky wikipedia

In ancient times, the month of January was traditionally associated with various pagan holidays and festivals. The pagan calendar had a strong connection to nature and the changing of the seasons, and January held particular significance as it marked the beginning of a new year. One of the most notable pagan holidays celebrated in January was Saturnalia, an ancient Roman festival honoring the god Saturn. Lasting for around a week, Saturnalia was a time of feasting, gift-giving, and revelry. During this festival, social norms were relaxed, and people could indulge in excess and merry-making. It was a time of joy and celebration to honor Saturn, the god of agriculture and abundance.

You can use dispel magic to end ongoing spells that have been cast on a creature or object, to temporarily suppress the magical abilities of a magic item, to end ongoing spells (or at least their effects) within an area, or to counter another spellcaster’s spell. A dispelled spell ends as if its duration had expired. Some spells, as detailed in their descriptions, can’t be defeated by dispel magic. Dispel magic can dispel (but not counter) spell-like effects just as it does spells.

You can use dispel magic to end ongoing spells that have been cast on a creature or object, to temporarily suppress the magical abilities of a magic item, to end ongoing spells or at least their effects within an area, or to counter another spellcaster s spell. Evidently, the difference between the two Talmuds reflects something of the respective official attitude among the sages of those regions toward spell-craft.

It was a time of joy and celebration to honor Saturn, the god of agriculture and abundance. Another pagan holiday associated with January was the Feast of Fools. This festival originated in medieval Europe and was marked by a reversal of social roles and the suspension of norms.

Dispel Magic

You can use dispel magic to end ongoing spells that have been cast on a creature or object, to temporarily suppress the magical abilities of a magic item, to end ongoing spells (or at least their effects) within an area, or to counter another spellcaster’s spell. A dispelled spell ends as if its duration had expired. Some spells, as detailed in their descriptions, can’t be defeated by dispel magic. Dispel magic can dispel (but not counter) spell-like effects just as it does spells.

Note: The effect of a spell with an instantaneous duration can’t be dispelled, because the magical effect is already over before the dispel magic can take effect.

You choose to use dispel magic in one of three ways: a targeted dispel, an area dispel, or a counterspell:

Targeted Dispel

One object, creature, or spell is the target of the dispel magic spell. You make a dispel check (1d20 + your caster level, maximum +10) against the spell or against each ongoing spell currently in effect on the object or creature. The DC for this dispel check is 11 + the spell’s caster level. If you succeed on a particular check, that spell is dispelled; if you fail, that spell remains in effect.

If you target an object or creature that is the effect of an ongoing spell (such as a monster summoned by monster summoning), you make a dispel check to end the spell that conjured the object or creature.

If the object that you target is a magic item, you make a dispel check against the item’s caster level. If you succeed, all the item’s magical properties are suppressed for 1d4 rounds, after which the item recovers on its own. A suppressed item becomes nonmagical for the duration of the effect. An interdimensional interface (such as a bag of holding) is temporarily closed. A magic item’s physical properties are unchanged: A suppressed magic sword is still a sword (a masterwork sword, in fact). Artifacts and deities are unaffected by mortal magic such as this.

You automatically succeed on your dispel check against any spell that you cast yourself.

Area Dispel

When dispel magic is used in this way, the spell affects everything within a 20-foot radius.

For each creature within the area that is the subject of one or more spells, you make a dispel check against the spell with the highest caster level. If that check fails, you make dispel checks against progressively weaker spells until you dispel one spell (which discharges the dispel magic spell so far as that target is concerned) or until you fail all your checks. The creature’s magic items are not affected.

For each object within the area that is the target of one or more spells, you make dispel checks as with creatures. Magic items are not affected by an area dispel.

For each ongoing area or effect spell whose point of origin is within the area of the dispel magic spell, you can make a dispel check to dispel the spell.

For each ongoing spell whose area overlaps that of the dispel magic spell, you can make a dispel check to end the effect, but only within the overlapping area.

If an object or creature that is the effect of an ongoing spell (such as a monster summoned by monster summoning) is in the area, you can make a dispel check to end the spell that conjured that object or creature (returning it whence it came) in addition to attempting to dispel spells targeting the creature or object.

You may choose to automatically succeed on dispel checks against any spell that you have cast.

Counterspell

When dispel magic is used in this way, the spell targets a spellcaster and is cast as a counterspell. Unlike a true counterspell, however, dispel magic may not work; you must make a dispel check to counter the other spellcaster’s spell.

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Both the Bible and Jewish mysticism emphasize that God created the universe by means of a series of “speech acts.” Humanity is the only one of God’s mortal creations with the power of speech, implying that our words can, under certain conditions, have the same constructive (and destructive) power.

It was a time when commoners could mock and parody the nobility, and societal rules were temporarily cast aside. The Feast of Fools was considered a time of catharsis and humor, allowing people to challenge authority and celebrate the chaotic and unpredictable aspects of life. Additionally, in Celtic traditions, the festival of Imbolc was observed at the beginning of February, coinciding with the early days of January. Imbolc celebrated the return of light and the coming of spring. It was a time to honor the goddess Brigid, associated with healing, poetry, and fire. This festival marked the turning point between winter and spring, symbolizing the hope and renewal that comes with the changing seasons. Overall, January was a time of various pagan holidays and celebrations, each with its own unique customs and rituals. These festivals provided an opportunity for people to connect with nature, express their spirituality, and embrace the changing of the seasons. While these pagan traditions are no longer commonly celebrated, their influence can still be seen in the modern customs and traditions associated with the month of January..

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