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Throughout history, there have been numerous beliefs and myths surrounding witches and their supposed powers. While these beliefs vary across cultures and time periods, there are certain common signs or characteristics that have been associated with being a witch. These signs were often used as evidence during the witch-hunting trials of the past. One of the most well-known signs of being a witch is the presence of a witch's mark. This mark was believed to be a physical mark or blemish on the body, usually found in hidden or intimate areas such as the armpits or genitals. It was believed that the devil would mark his followers in this way, allowing them to perform evil magical acts.

It was believed that the devil would mark his followers in this way, allowing them to perform evil magical acts. Another sign was the ability to communicate or interact with animals in a supernatural way. Witches were believed to have the power to commune with animals, control them, or transform into them.

“If the Base Fundamentals Are Too Much for You…” : Reconsidering the Existence of Doctrines in Modern Paganism

Pavel Horák; “If the Base Fundamentals Are Too Much for You…” : Reconsidering the Existence of Doctrines in Modern Paganism . Nova Religio 1 November 2022; 26 (2): 30–48. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/nr.2022.26.2.30

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This article deals with the possible existence of doctrines in modern Paganism. Generally, Pagan studies scholars widely consider modern Paganism a religion without doctrines. Furthermore, Margot Adler, one of the early researchers of modern Paganism, established a narrative that practice is more important than beliefs in modern Paganism. However, based on ethnographic research conducted among modern European Pagans between 2014 and 2017, along with additional secondary data, this article argues that doctrines may emerge in situations of pressure or conflict, or while delineating boundaries and gatekeeping Paganism against other religions. In such situations, beliefs become enforced and turn into the basis of potential doctrines. Doctrines are authoritatively defined theoretical components of religion, comprising teaching, beliefs, and confessions. Their authoritative character has its historical roots in Christianity and tries to keep the doctrinal contents fixed using a dynamic of truth and falsity, which determines orthodoxy—distinguishing right faith from error.

This ability was thought to be evidence of their connection to dark forces and their ability to manipulate nature. Furthermore, witches were often believed to have an abnormal or unnatural appearance. It was believed that witches had a twisted or deformed physical form, often with warts, moles, or other unsightly features. This physical deformity was seen as a sign of their malevolent powers and their sinful nature. In addition to physical signs, certain behaviors or actions were also seen as indications of witchcraft. This included living alone or in isolation, practicing herbal medicine or midwifery, and having knowledge of herbs and potions. These behaviors were often associated with pagan or forbidden practices and were seen as evidence of witchcraft. Finally, accusations of witchcraft were often made against women who were seen as unconventional or challenging societal norms. Being outspoken, independent, or having a different opinion could be enough to label someone as a witch. Jealous neighbors or rivals often used witchcraft accusations as a means to suppress or control women who did not conform to societal expectations. It is important to note that these signs of being a witch were based on superstitions, misunderstandings, and a fear of the unknown. In reality, witchcraft is a diverse and complex practice that does not conform to these stereotypes. The historical persecution of witches was unjust and based on unfounded fears and prejudices. In modern times, some individuals self-identify as witches, practicing various forms of witchcraft for spiritual or personal reasons. These individuals do not fit the stereotypical image of a witch and do not possess any supernatural powers. It is crucial to separate historical misconceptions from reality and respect individuals' right to practice their beliefs without prejudice..

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