Witch Hats Through the Ages: Tracing Their Cultural Significance

Witch hats have become an iconic symbol associated with Halloween and the supernatural, but their origin is rooted in ancient cultural practices. The history of the witch hat can be traced back to the Middle Ages in Europe, specifically in societies that believed in witchcraft and the presence of witches. During this time, witch hunts were prevalent, and people were fearful of those perceived as witches. The pointed hat was used as an identifying marker for these individuals, making it easier for communities to identify and target them. While the exact origin of the witch hat is unknown, it is commonly associated with the depiction of witches in art and literature. The hat was typically depicted as tall and pointed, often with a wide brim and adorned with various symbols and decorations.

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Egyptian Magic All-Purpose Skin Cream The People s Choice is made with the blessings and guidance of our ancestors and with the following pure ingredients Olive Oil, Bees Wax, Honey, Bee Pollen, Royal Jelly, Bee Propolis Divine Love. The best way to remove old, stuck, broken rusted out broken bits of bolts or stud is to start out drilling a smallish hole as close to the center as possible.

The hat was typically depicted as tall and pointed, often with a wide brim and adorned with various symbols and decorations. This portrayal of witches evolved over time and influenced the popular image of the witch hat we see today. While the witch hat's specific cultural origins are not clear, it emerged as a symbol deeply rooted in the concept of magic and witchcraft in European cultures during the Middle Ages.

Any Tips for Drilling & Tapping an Exhaust Manifold stud?

One of the three threaded studs that mounts the upper exhaust tube to the exhaust manifold on my 84ish 2F, had to but cut off. Is it possible to just drill a new hole, tap it & put in a new stud, or does that not work on cast iron? Any tips here?

Any idea what size the studs are?
Thanks,
Abe

gr8fulabe

Rising Sun Member

No need for advice! New stud is in place!

MDH33

Hard Core 4+

So for the sake of making the thread useful in case someone else has this problem, what did you do to fix?

baja1d

Hard Core 4+

It appears that you and I are performing very similar swaps/mods. Let me know if you need any help or run into a snag. I'm in Littleton BTW.

Here's my plans: The 2F is going in this week along with the H55, split case w/ parking brake drum attachment, and tilt column/power steering. In addition I'll be installing a 4" alcan lift and wheel spacers.

Travis Hurley– Owner/ C.E.O.
Outer Limit Supply | Main: 720-987-4202
Est. 2014 | Littleton, Colorado
www.outerlimitsupply.com | [email protected]

Rzeppa

Rising Sun Member

The best way to remove old, stuck, broken rusted out broken bits of bolts or stud is to start out drilling a smallish hole as close to the center as possible. Gradually increase the diameter of the drill in steps, typically at least 3. As you start to graze the inside edge of the female threads, now it is time to run a tap through there. Often as not the tap will catch what remains of the bolt or stud and thread it right out. If not, you are still basically just chasing the threads and doing minimal damage.

Whatever you do, avoid using extractors (EZ-Outs). When they break off, now you have bits stuck in there that are as hard as or harder than drill bits themselves.

Jeff Zepp
Kittredge CO USA
1971 & 1976 FJ40s, 1978 FJ45, 1987 FJ60
Rising Sun 4WD Club, TLCA #4063
https://american3dprinting.net/

gr8fulabe

Rising Sun Member

exhaust stud

Hey Jeff,
That is basically exactly what we did, but we tried the Ez-outs before going to the tap.

1. used a grinder, super briefly, to flatten the broken stud.
2. We used a nail as a center punch, to put a little point on the old broken stud.
3. Drilled a small hole & tried to use ez-out. Repeated with several slightly larger ones to no avail. We used WD-40 while drilling as a lube, which seemed fine, but I have no idea if that is a good option.
4. Got to the point where we could start to see the threads, and tried the last ez-out for that size hole. didn't work.
5. Found one of the bolts that fit, and took it to Napa to get a new stud. They have a rack that has this sort of stuff on it, and had a pack of two, for $5.14. I lost the package, so i don't recall the size now. Hopefullly someone else can fill in that detail (something like m1.5x18 or so-ish).
6. Took the new stud (a tiny bit long, but otherwise a perfect match) to my friend's neighbors garage (he's building a plane in there, so he has it all). He pulled out a tiny guage that looked a lot like a feeler guage, but every piece had grooves on it. He fit the guage to the grooves on our post & told us the size, then loaned us the right tap for it.
7. While at Napa we also bought a can of actual cutting oil, but no clue if that is any different than WD-40.
8. one squirt of cutting oil & the tap chased the crap out of the treated pretty easily. pulled it out, shot a blast of air in to clean it out.
9. Threaded new post in without any trouble.
10. Pics of the new post attached up above.

Hope maybe this helps someone in the future. Sorry I lost the package of the correct studs.

gr8fulabe

Rising Sun Member

The pics make the new post look smaller, but I swear it is the same size.

also, Travis, we got the engine/tranny/transfer mounted up this last weekend. I'll post up some updates in that other thread. Maybe it will help you, and if not, at the very least maybe we can be an asset to each other as we work out the details.
best,
abe

SteveH

Hard Core 4+

Cutting oil is radically different from WD-40. It should be high in sulfur (hence it may stink) and offers high load protection for the drill bit. Tap Magic (sold at Grainger, among other places) used to be a chlorinated solvent, but is now an oil, too. I have used anti-sieze compound on taps, too, for better or worse. There was nothing wrong with shooting WD-40 into the hole initially, but it's not a suitable lube for drilling and tapping.

Rzeppa

Rising Sun Member

X2 on the WD-40, it is pretty worthless for the 2 things most people (attempt) to use it for, lubricating and penetrating. For cutting oil I use marvel mystery oil, although as Steve points out, the ones that contain sulfur are best. I have also seen cutting waxes, and even water soluble cutting lubricants for use with certain types of plastics which are sensitive to aromatic hydrocarbons. For penetrating, either liquid wrench or kroil are good commercial products, or Ed's Red if you're into home brew.

Going by memory I believe that thread pitch is M10x1.5 on those (assuming 14mm hex on the nuts).

.

Reviews for "The Surprising Truth: Various Cultural Origins of Witch Hats"

1. Sarah - 1/5

From which culture did witch hats emerge was a disappointing read for me. The author failed to deliver any substantial information or engaging storytelling. The book seemed rushed and poorly researched, leaving me with more questions than answers. I expected to learn about the origins and symbolism behind witch hats, but instead, I got a brief overview that left me unsatisfied. Overall, I would not recommend this book to anyone looking for a comprehensive exploration of witch hats.

2. Michael - 2/5

I was intrigued by the topic of witch hats and excited to learn about their cultural origins, but this book left me wanting more. The information provided was superficial and lacked depth. The author barely scratched the surface, making it difficult to understand the historical context and significance of witch hats. Additionally, the writing style was dry and uninspiring, making it hard to stay engaged throughout. If you're looking for a thorough examination of the subject, I'd suggest looking elsewhere.

3. Jennifer - 2/5

I expected a fascinating exploration of witch hats and their cultural origins, but unfortunately, this book fell short of my expectations. The author provided only a brief overview of the topic, without delving into the rich history and traditions behind witch hats. The lack of in-depth research was evident, and it left me feeling unsatisfied. The writing style was also rather dull, and I found it challenging to maintain my interest. Overall, I would not recommend this book to anyone seeking a comprehensive understanding of witch hats.

Witch Hats: From Folklore to Fashion - Tracing Their Cultural Journey