Guide to Witchcraft Witchcraft is a practice that dates back centuries and has a rich history in cultures around the world. It involves tapping into supernatural powers and using magick to affect change in the world. If you're interested in exploring witchcraft, here is a guide to help you get started. 1. Understanding the Basics Witchcraft is a diverse practice with various traditions and beliefs. It's important to familiarize yourself with the different branches, such as Wicca, Traditional Witchcraft, and Eclectic Witchcraft, to name a few.

A brief history of Alchemy

Alchemy is an old and secretive practice that is neither magical nor scientific but manages to bridge these two fields. Most often is it described as the forerunner to chemistry which aimed to turn base metals into gold and to discover the secrets of immortality. It was an international pursuit with many different people from different cultures and time periods contributing to its advancement.

Alchemy had three primary objectives (Alchemy 1891):

1. Creation of the Elixir of Life. This is a liquid which was said to cure all ailments, reverse old age and prolong the life of anyone who ingested it. Because of gold’s perfect nature as a metal (it couldn’t be corroded or dissolved), some alchemists thought that the Elixir of Life could be extracted from gold.
2. Creation of the Alcahest. This is a universal solvent which was said to dissolve all other matter.
3. Creation of the Philosopher’s Stone. This is a stone which was said to have the power to turn base metals into perfect metals. For example, turning copper into gold. The Philosopher’s Stone could do for metals what the Elixir of Life could do for mortals.

The exact origins of alchemy are unknown. This is partially because it was a secret practice so many details have been deliberately withheld, and also because there are several cultures which individually pursued what we would recognise as alchemy today (Leo 1972; Burland 1967). The earliest texts to mention alchemy are Hellenistic and Alexandrian, but further records of alchemy have been found in China and throughout the Middle East and Europe. As alchemy does not have one clear inventor, it is likely that a number of people from different cultures developed this practice. As such, a very brief overview of some noteworthy figures and their contribution will be detailed here.

Aristotle argued that wisdom is the objective of philosophy, and he defined wisdom as knowledge regarding principles and causes (Aristotle 2004). To this end, the ancient Greeks sought to understand how the world around them was created. Although ancient Greek Philosophers lacked our modern technological advances, they theorised that all the universe is made of matter and that everything is created by mixing certain quantities of various matter (Burland 1967). Today, we know this to be true and have even recorded all the known elements of the universe in the Periodic Table.

The four symbols (left to right) for earth, water, air and fire depicted in Viridarium chymicum by D. Stolcius von Stolcenberg

The ancient Greek Philosophers identified four basic elements from which they believed all things were made: earth, fire, wind and water. They reasoned that any material, once heated, will create moisture (water) and steam or gas (air). The gasses are likely to be flammable (fire), and all material, once totally burned, will become a heap of burnt earthy material (earth) (Burland 1967). Furthermore, Aristotle reasoned that these four elements could be further transmuted by applying heat, cold, dryness or fluidity (Burland 1967). These four basic elements are each represented by a triangular symbol in alchemy, and smelting and distillation are key methods by which Alchemists sought to transmutate metals and create the Elixir of Life.

Meanwhile, gold was revered by the ancient Egyptians as a symbol of spiritual and material perfection before the word ‘alchemy’ was coined (Leo 1972). Some people say that Alchemy began in Egypt when Thoth, the God of Knowledge, wrote its secrets down in a codified language that only wise and diligent men could decipher (Leo 1972). It would appear that from its origins, Alchemy was shrouded in mystery and only intended for a select few. Furthermore, the ancient Egyptians attitude towards gold is in line with the Alchemists’ belief that gold was the most precious metal because it could not be altered by fire, dissolved in water or corroded by air (Alchemy 1891). It is speculated that this is why gold is represented by the sun in Alchemy as the sun is the most important celestial being because all life depends on it.

While ancient Greek and Egyptian Alchemists were concerned with the properties of nature, Chinese alchemy was concerned with immortality. Chinese alchemy is said to be greatly influenced by Taoism (Leo 1972). ‘Tao’ translates as the Way of the Universe and teaches that perfection can be attained by finding a balance with nature (Holmyard 1957). Taoists wish for a long life which will give them enough time to prepare for Paradise (Holmyard 1957). The wish for long life gradually morphed into a wish for immortality and this led to the study of Alchemy in the hopes of producing the Elixir of Life (Holmyard 1957). The first Chinese Alchemist was most likely Dzou Yen who lived circa 400BC and was noted for performing a number of miracles. He is also noted for advancing the notion that all the phases of the cosmos can be explained by the cycles of the five elements: earth, wood, fire, metal and water (Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica 2017). This theory is almost identical to that of the ancient Greeks with the inclusion of the element of metal. Dzou Yen further postulated that these elements were governed by the opposing forces of Yin (earth, female, passive, absorbing) and Yang (heaven, active, male, penetrating). Again, this is similar to Aristotle’s notion that matter can be transformed by subjecting it to a catalyst. This supports the idea that different cultures separately pursued Alchemy but with converging notions and goals.

Alchemy was further advanced in the Middle East during the Islamic expansion of 500-1200AD. During this time, Islamic rulers respected scientific knowledge from all sources and many texts from around the world were translated into Arabic. As such, alchemeic texts were translated into Arabic. One of the most noteworthy Middle Eastern Alchemists was Jabir who was born in Tus in circa 721AD (Leo 1972). He rose to prominence when he cured the wife of one of the sultan’s advisers who was suffering from a mystery illness and subsequently became the Court Alchemist. He wrote many texts regarding Alchemy, Philosophy, Geometry and Engineering and was so well renowned that many treaties were named after him and many future alchemists named themselves after him. Incidentally, the Latin translation of Jabir is ‘Geber’ and some of the Latin texts on alchemy which were written under this pseudonym were so difficult to decipher that the word ‘gibberish’ was created to refer to nonsensical writing (Leo 1972).

A Greek Alchemist at work as depicted in Oedipus chimicus by J.J. Becher

It is likely that through Islamic expansion, alchemy made its way into Europe via Spain, just as Tarot Cards are speculated to have done (you can read more about the origins of Tarot Cards in this PAN blog post). One noteworthy European Alchemist was Nicholas Flamel, whose name may be known to you from Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone. He was a French scrivener (transcriber of books) who lived in France in in the 1300s. One day, one of his clients brought him a strange book to translate. The cover was made of brass and covered with ‘strange looking letters’ which Flamel supposed might be Greek (Leo 1972). Inside, the book contained coloured illustrations, symbols and Latin text (Leo 1972). Flamel could not decipher the text, so he asked for assistance from the French Physician, Anselm who was said to know about Alchemy. With a little help from Anselm, Flamel embarked on a 24 year journey to create the Philosopher’s Stone which then allowed him to first turn mercury into silver and then gold (Leo 1972). Considering that we now know that gold, silver and mercury are all elements and therefore are not made up of any combination of elements, this claim appears highly dubious, but since when has science had anything to do with legend?

Unfortunately, Alchemists did not achieve their three objectives but they did make some important scientific discoveries such as (Alchemy 1891):

• Matter is indestructible. You can change its form, but you can never destroy it.
• Matter can be mixed and separated.
• All forms of matter have particular properties which always apply to them.

These discoveries marked the beginning of the transition from alchemy to chemistry. Who would have thought that one of the hard sciences would have its origins in fantastical pursuits?

References

‘Alchemy’ 1891, Science, vol. 18, no. 447, pp. 113-117, viewed 10 October 2017, American Association for the Advancement of Science, JSTOR

Aristotle 2004, The Metaphysics, Trans. Hugh Lawson-Tancred, Penguin Books, London

Burland, CA 1967, The Arts of the Alchemists, Weidenfeld and Nicholson Ltd, Letchworth, Hertfordshire

Holmyard, EJ 1957, Alchemy, Penguin Books, Mitcham, VIC

Leo, W 1972, Alchemy, Shelbourne Press Inc, Los Angeles, CA

The Magic of Alchemy

Patti Wigington is a pagan author, educator, and licensed clergy. She is the author of Daily Spellbook for the Good Witch, Wicca Practical Magic and The Daily Spell Journal.

During the medieval period, alchemy became a popular practice in Europe. Although it had been around for a long time, the fifteenth century saw a boom in alchemical methods, in which practitioners attempted to turn lead and other base metals into gold.

Did You Know?

• The period between the thirteenth and late seventeenth centuries became known as the golden age of alchemy in Europe, but the study was based on an inaccurate concept of chemistry.
• Some practitioners spent their entire lifetimes trying to turn base metals into gold; the legend of the philosopher’s stone became a riddle that many of them attempted to solve.
• Gold was the ideal target for alchemical experimentation, because it contained the perfect balance of all four elements.

It's important to familiarize yourself with the different branches, such as Wicca, Traditional Witchcraft, and Eclectic Witchcraft, to name a few. Research and learn about the principles, rituals, and tools associated with each tradition to find the one that resonates with you. 2.

The Early Days of Alchemy

Alchemical practices have been documented as far back as ancient Egypt and China, and interestingly enough, it evolved around the same time in both places, independently of each other.

In Egypt, alchemy is tied in with the fertility of the Nile River basin, fertility being referred to as Khem. By at least the 4th century BCE, there was a basic practice of alchemy in place, probably related to mummification procedures and connected strongly with ideas of life after death… Alchemy in China was the brainchild of Taoist monks, and as such is wrapped up in Taoist beliefs and practice. In its earliest practice the Chinese aim was always to discover the elixir of life, not to transmute base metals into gold. Therefore, there was always a closer connection to medicine in China.

Around the ninth century, Muslim scholars like Jabir ibn Hayyan began to experiment with alchemy, in the hopes of creating gold, the perfect metal. Known in the West as Geber, ibn Hayyan looked alchemy in the context of natural science and medicine. Although he never did manage to turn any base metals into gold, Geber was able to discover some pretty impressive methods of refining metals by extracting their impurities. His work led to developments in the creation of gold ink for illuminated manuscripts, and the creation of new glassmaking techniques. While he wasn’t a terribly successful alchemist, Geber was very gifted as a chemist.

Developing a Clear Intention One of the fundamental aspects of witchcraft is setting clear intentions. Before diving into any spell or ritual, take the time to reflect on your desires and what you hope to achieve through your practice. A well-defined intention will help you focus your energy and increase the effectiveness of your spells. 3. Building a Witchcraft Toolkit Many witches have a collection of tools that they use in their practice. Some common items include an altar, athame (ritual knife), wand, chalice, cauldron, and crystals. These tools are used to channel and focus energy during rituals and spells. Build your toolkit over time, collecting items that hold personal significance to you. 4. Connecting with Nature Nature is a significant aspect of witchcraft, as it provides a deep connection to the Earth and its natural energies. Spending time in nature, observing the cycles of the moon, and practicing grounding exercises can help you attune yourself to the elements and harness their power. 5. Learning Spells and Rituals Spells and rituals are the heart of witchcraft. Begin by learning simple spells and rituals, such as candle magic or herbal rituals. As you gain experience, you can expand your knowledge and explore more complex practices. Remember to always practice with respect and caution, considering the potential consequences of your actions. 6. Finding Community and Resources Seeking out like-minded individuals and joining a community of witches can be invaluable when starting your witchcraft journey. Online forums, social media groups, and local covens or meetups can provide support, guidance, and resources to aid in your growth as a witch. 7. Practicing Ethical Witchcraft It's important to remember that witchcraft should be practiced ethically and responsibly. Avoid causing harm or manipulating others through your spells and rituals. Focus on aligning yourself with positive energy and intentions that benefit both yourself and the world around you. 8. Continued Learning and Growth Witchcraft is a lifelong journey of learning and growth. As you deepen your understanding of the craft, continue to educate yourself through books, workshops, and personal experiences. Take the time to reflect on your practice, adapt it as needed, and remain open to new ideas and perspectives. Remember, witchcraft is a highly personal and individual path. Trust your intuition, follow your heart, and let your practice evolve in a way that feels authentic to you. Embrace the magick within and enjoy the transformative journey that witchcraft offers..

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