The Devon witch is a legendary figure that has been the subject of folktales told in the county of Devon, England. According to the local folklore, the Devon witch is a woman who possesses magical powers and practices witchcraft. She is often portrayed as an old woman, with long grey hair and a hunchback, dressed in traditional witch's garments. The Devon witch is said to have the ability to cast spells, brew potions, and communicate with supernatural beings. She is believed to have a deep knowledge of herbs and plants, using them in her various magical practices. It is said that she can manipulate the elements and control nature.
The Crook of Devon Witches
Between 1563 and 1736, roughly 4,000 Scots, mainly women, were accused of witchcraft. Of these, perhaps 2,500 were found guilty and executed. Most of Scotland’s witch-hunting was concentrated in a few intense periods of panic lasting a year or two, and the majority of it took place in the Lothians, Strathclyde, or Fife. But in 1662, at the height of the biggest witch-panic of them all (the so-called ‘great’ witch-hunt of 1661-2), the horrors of witch-persecution came to the tiny county of Kinross-shire, and in particular to Crook of Devon, a small settlement roughly equidistant between Perth, Stirling, and Dunfermline. Here, the discovery of an alleged witches’ coven led to a series of dramatic trials – with tragic consequences.
The River Devon, near Crook of Devon. Photography by Callum Black.
The Crook of Devon trials were staggered across four separate court sittings between 3 April and 8 October. Thirteen people were accused: Agnes Murie; Bessie Henderson; Isabel Rutherford; Robert Wilson; Bessie Neil; Margaret Lister; Janet Paton elder and younger; Agnes Brugh; Margaret Hoggin; Janet Brugh; Christian Garvie; and Agnes Pittendreich. Together, these individuals were suspected of forming their own little cell, and indeed when they came to trial, their confessions near-unanimously suggested exactly that. As a result, they were almost all convicted, and thus sentenced to death by the traditional method reserved for witches: they were to be taken ‘to the place called the Lamlaires bewest the Cruick Miln’ and there ‘stranglit to the death by the hand of the hangman, and thereafter their bodies to be burnt to ashes’.
Only two of the accused witches escaped the death penalty. The first, Margaret Hoggin, who was around 80 years old, died before her case could be decided. Meanwhile the second, Agnes Pittendreich, was found to be pregnant, and so proceedings against her were postponed until after the birth. She is never mentioned again, so perhaps her pregnancy allowed her to escape the garotte completely.
The Witches’ Deeds
In broad terms, the witches were accused of two main things. The first was casting evil spells. Margaret Lister, for example, was accused of visiting the ‘falling sickness’ – the seventeenth-century term for epilepsy – on several people around Crook of Devon who had angered her. Janet Paton elder supposedly cursed a horse belonging to one Andrew Huston after it destroyed some of her property, the beast promptly sickening and dying. Agnes Muire allegedly targeted a man named Henry Anderson, whom she struck dumb (apparently by offering him some enchanted snuff) after he had failed to fertilise her fields with lime. Dark magic of this kind was widely feared not only because it was dangerous, but also because it was disruptive. Seventeenth-century society depended on order, and on everybody knowing their place. By casting spells like these, witches disrupted that cosy picture, and were loathed accordingly.
The second big accusation levelled against the thirteen witches was that they had communed with Satan. The Devil was central to Scottish witch-belief, since it was assumed that witches acquired their power by signing up as his servants. The Crook of Devon confessions contain some intriguing details about this covenant with Satan. The Devil always appeared to the witches in the form of a man, and usually offered them power or riches for becoming his servant. Giving in to this temptation, the witches would renounce their baptism and pledge themselves instead to Satan, usually through the following ceremony, as described in the indictment against Margaret Hoggin:
Witches being questioned, from Daemonologie (1597).
[You] put ane of your hands to the crown of your head and the other to the sole of your foot and delivered all [in between] to Sathan’s service.
This new allegiance was typically sealed by Satan bestowing the ‘witch’s mark’, a special blemish on the skin that could neither feel pain nor bleed. He would also sometimes give his disciples a new name: Agnes Murie, for instance, became ‘Rossina’. In the case of the women, the Devil would also copulate with them – an experience that was apparently unpleasant, since several confessions noted that his ‘body’ and his ‘seed’ were very cold.
The confessions also suggest that members of the coven held regular ‘witches’ Sabbaths’: communal meetings with Satan during which they affirmed their allegiance to him and engaged in wild dancing, and occasionally other high-jinx, including trampling all over the crops of one Thomas White at one meeting in 1661. These events generally happened in the dead of night, in various secluded locations in the countryside surrounding Crook of Devon.
It is perhaps worth asking why almost all the accused individuals confessed to these outlandish crimes, since it is probably safe to assume that they were not really witches who had communed with the Devil or cast malevolent spells. Confession was actually extremely common in Scottish witch-trials, and while some people have suggested that the supposed witches might have been suffering from some sort of shared psychosis, or perhaps mass poisoning from ergot fungus, the most likely explanation is much simpler: torture. Technically this was illegal in Scotland, but nonetheless it seems to have been relatively common to force witches to confess by depriving them of sleep. A few days of enforced wakefulness would render the accused people highly suggestible, and might also make them delusional – and therefore willing to agree to whatever scenario their questioners flung at them. The trial documents make no mention of sleep deprivation, which is hardly surprising given its illegality, but it still seems the most likely explanation for the fantastical confessions extracted in 1662.
Conclusion
The Crook of Devon coven was not the only example of Kinross-shire witch-hunting. We know the names of a further sixteen people accused of witchcraft in Crook of Devon alone (all in the early 1660s), and there were also four suspected witches from Kinross and one from Milnathort. But while nothing further is known about these other alleged witches, the survival of our coven’s trial documents means that we can, through these thirteen men and women, trace the mechanics of Scottish witch-hunting in searing, shocking detail. It is a story of fear and anxiety, and of deeply-held beliefs about the tangibility of evil leading to horrendous injustice. Those accused in Crook of Devon were clearly not witches. Instead, they were ordinary folk – perhaps eccentric, perhaps a little socially marginalised, certainly enmeshed in the petty arguments and disagreements characteristic of rural life – who had the misfortune to be swept up in the terrible wave of witch-paranoia that washed over Scotland at the beginning of the 1660s. In 2012, the ‘Witches’ Maze’ was unveiled at Tullibole Castle as a memorial to those indicted at Crook of Devon, a tangible reminder that even the most secluded and out-of-the-way corners of Scotland were not immune from the dreadful tragedy of the witch-hunt.
Further reading
The Crook of Devon trial document are published here: R.B. Begg (ed.), ‘Trials for Witchcraft at Crook of Devon, Kinross-shire, in 1662’, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, 22 (1887-8), 211-41
C. Larner, Enemies of God: The Witch-Hunt in Scotland (London, 1981)
B.P. Levack, Witch-Hunting in Scotland: Law, Politics and Religion (Abingdon, 2008)
P.G. Maxwell-Stuart, The Great Scottish Witch-Hunt (Stroud, 2007)
J. Goodare (ed.), The Scottish Witch-Hunt in Context (Manchester, 2002)
J. Goodare, L. Martin and J. Millers (eds.), Witchcraft and Belief in Early Modern Scotland (Basingstoke, 2008)
J. Goodare (ed.), Scottish Witches and Witch-Hunters (Basingstoke, 2013)
A version of this article was first published as ‘Bell, Book and Scandal’ in the Kinross Community Council Newsletter (June 2020)
The Hatak Witches
After a security guard is found dead and another wounded at the Children’s Museum of Science and History in Norman, Oklahoma, Detective Monique Blue Hawk and her partner Chris Pierson are summoned to investigate. They find no fingerprints, no footprints, and no obvious means to enter the locked building.
Monique discovers that a portion of an ancient and deformed skeleton had also been stolen from the neglected museum archives. Her uncle, the spiritual leader Leroy Bear Red Ears, concludes that the stolen remains are those of Hatak haksi, a witch and the matriarch of the Crow family, a group of shape-shifting Choctaws who plan to reestablish themselves as the powerful creatures they were when the tribe lived in Mississippi. Monique, Leroy, and Chris must stop the Crows, but to their dread, the entities have retreated to the dark and treacherous hollow in the center of Chalakwa Ranch. The murderous shape-shifters believe the enormous wild hogs, poisonous snakes, and other creatures of the hollow might form an adequate defense for Hatak haksi.
But what no one counts on is the unexpected appearance and power of the Old Ones who guard the lands of the Choctaw afterlife. Blending tribal beliefs and myths into a modern context, The Hatak Witches continues the storyline of Choctaw cosmology and cultural survival that are prominent in Devon A. Mihesuah’s award-winning novel, The Roads of My Relations.
“A Native American woman detective is called to the local museum to investigate a murder. A man and his son out hunting come upon a gruesomely slain deer. The owner of the Chalakwa Ranch and his wife witness a dark entity on their land that causes all of the winged beings to flee in a panic. This mystery novel, set in contemporary Oklahoma, tells of tribal magic, dark powers, and forces that manipulate and collide into the present day, causing these characters’ lives to tumble into chaos and to reckon with the otherworldly and supernatural.”—Tiffany Midge, author of Bury My Heart at Chuck E. Cheese’s
“Devon Mihesuah’s The Hatak Witches is a sharp, smart, supernatural thriller that you won’t be able to put down.”—Erika T. Wurth, author of Crazy Horse's Girlfriend
EXCLUSIVE: Devon Cole Chats About “W.I.T.C.H.”
Devon Cole first caught the attention of millions online with her impressive vocals and unforgettable creativity. After garnering an overwhelming amount of support on the popular social media platform TikTok, the “Good On Me” singer quickly developed a devoted fanbase who went on to champion her music on streaming platforms. Her stand-out single “W.I.T.C.H.” instantly became a fan-favorite and currently has over 18 million streams on Spotify alone. Although she’s already experienced massive success so early into her career, it’s clear that this is only the beginning for the singer-songwriter. In an exclusive interview with CelebMix, Devon Cole opens up about “W.I.T.C.H.” and what fans can look forward to seeing from her soon.
What can you tell us about your smash hit single “W.I.T.C.H.” and the inspiration behind it?
W.I.T.C.H. was an idea that I had been brewing for awhile (pun intended) and when I found John Mark Nelson’s instrumental on TikTok, I felt like trying it out. The song came together quite quickly lyric-wise after that for me, which is not always the case but it’s incredibly fun when it happens.
How does the “W.I.T.C.H.” music video compare to other visuals you have released in the past?
I’ve only ever done one music video before and it was me and one camera person. This music video was very extra in comparison. I was blessed with an absolutely lovely team who put their hearts and souls into getting this thing done. People had walkie-talkies on set and everything. It was extremely glam and it was very cool to see it come together from initial mood board to final product.
“W.I.T.C.H.” is all about female empowerment. What other important topics do you hope to tackle or open up about in your upcoming music?
This is the most exciting and hard question ever. I’m definitely hoping to join the ranks of the female artists who aren’t afraid to get angry and kick the dust up. Shania, Britney, and Marina opened me up to “feminist pop” music, in that order. I don’t think I’m going to be writing about female empowerment for the sake of it, or deliberately. I could say that I’m going to write about ‘X,Y,Z,’ but I’ll just say this – I’m going to write about my experiences as a sensitive, unapologetic, queer, creative, sexual young woman in this world, and I hope that I articulate whatever struggles I face in a way that other people can resonate with.
Does it ever surprise you to see how many people are supporting your music on both social media and streaming platforms?
Honestly, yes. I’m still not used to it. I try to remind myself of how far I’ve come when I think about how far I want to go.
New fans are still discovering your music from platforms like TikTok. What do you want them to know about you and the music you’re creating?
I’m a middle child and an Aries, so I love attention. Burlesque is my favourite movie, I’m a retired theatre kid, I have OCD for which I am medicated, I’m a shopaholic, I have a Pinterest addiction, and my favorite part of my job is writing. I [also] want them to know that I’m finding myself and trying to learn from my mistakes. I’m learning, growing and changing, and I hope it shows in my upcoming music. I’m currently pouring myself into making sure that all of my ducks are in a row so that 2023 will be even better and brighter than 2022. And thank you for the support! I love you and I hope you’re well.
Are you interested in collaborating with any other artists who also started out or blew up on TikTok?
Absolutely! I think a TikTok collaboration is definitely in my future. I’m a massive fan of Leith Ross, Katie Gregson, Gayle, Tessa Violet, Anees, Jessia, Salem Elise, and Blu DeTiger. There are so many incredible artists popping off and I encourage anyone reading this to check those artists out.
What else can fans look forward to in the near future?
More music videos, live shows for in-person hugs and smooches, and more music! I’m really excited.
Follow Devon Cole on Spotify and Instagram
It is said that she can manipulate the elements and control nature. She is also said to have the power to foretell the future and communicate with spirits. The Devon witch is often depicted as both feared and respected by the local community.
Some folktale versions portray her as a malevolent being, using her powers to harm others and cause misfortune. In these stories, she is often seen as a threat to the community, and people try to avoid crossing her path. However, other versions of the folklore depict the Devon witch as a benevolent figure, using her powers to help others and heal the sick. In these stories, she is seen as a wise and knowledgeable figure who provides guidance and support to those in need. The tales of the Devon witch have been passed down through generations, captivating the imaginations of locals and visitors alike. Various locations in Devon are associated with the legendary witch, with certain sites believed to be her dwelling place or where she practiced her magic. Today, the Devon witch remains a popular figure in local folklore, with her tales continuing to be shared and celebrated. She is seen as a symbol of the region's magical heritage and the rich history of witchcraft in England. Whether seen as a feared witch or a wise healer, the Devon witch continues to enchant and mystify those who hear her legends..
Reviews for "The Witch's Grimoire: A Look into the Spellbooks of Devon's Most Notorious Witches"
1. Jane Doe - 2/5 - I was really disappointed with "Devon Witch". The premise seemed intriguing, but the execution fell flat for me. The pacing was slow, making it difficult to stay engaged throughout the book. The characters lacked depth and felt one-dimensional. Additionally, the plot twists were predictable and didn't provide any real surprises. Overall, I found "Devon Witch" to be a lackluster read that didn't meet my expectations.
2. John Smith - 1/5 - I couldn't get past the first few chapters of "Devon Witch". The writing style was dry and lacked creativity. It felt like a generic story about witches without any originality. The dialogue was stilted and unrealistic, making it hard to connect with the characters. I found myself skimming through pages, hoping for something interesting to happen, but it never did. I regret wasting my time on "Devon Witch" and would not recommend it.
3. Emily Johnson - 2/5 - "Devon Witch" had potential, but it failed to deliver. The world-building was weak, leaving me confused about the rules of magic in the story. The protagonist, despite being a witch, lacked agency and seemed to rely on others to solve her problems. The romance felt forced and lacked chemistry. The ending was abrupt and unsatisfying, leaving loose ends that were never resolved. I enjoyed the concept of the book, but the execution left much to be desired.
4. Michael Thompson - 1/5 - I was extremely disappointed with "Devon Witch". The writing was amateurish, filled with clichés and awkward phrasing. The plot lacked originality and felt like a rehash of other witch-themed books. The characters were forgettable and lacked depth, making it difficult to care about their fates. The pacing was uneven, with slow moments dragging on and action scenes feeling rushed. I would not recommend "Devon Witch" to anyone looking for a captivating and well-written witch story.
5. Samantha Adams - 2/5 - "Devon Witch" had an interesting premise, but it failed to live up to my expectations. The plot was predictable, and the twists were underwhelming. The main character lacked development and struggled to hold my interest. The book also suffered from poor editing, with numerous grammatical errors and inconsistencies. Overall, "Devon Witch" felt like a missed opportunity and left me feeling dissatisfied as a reader.