Gerald Gardner is widely recognized as the founder of Wicca, a modern pagan witchcraft religion. Born on June 13, 1884, in Lancashire, England, Gardner played a significant role in promoting and popularizing Wicca in the mid-20th century. Gardner's interest in the occult and esoteric practices began at a young age. He joined mystical societies and explored various forms of witchcraft, including ceremonial magic and freemasonry. However, it was during his time in Southeast Asia that Gardner reportedly learned about a secretive witchcraft tradition called the New Forest Coven. Upon returning to England in the 1930s, Gardner became an active member of the Coven, participating in rituals and receiving initiation rites.
The Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn and the Origins of Wicca
As cheap printed magic books swirled around the world, in late 19th-century Britain a small group of middle-class men and women created a new secret, magic movement in the form of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, dedicated to Renaissance forms of mystical alchemy and kabbalah, as well as astrology, tarot, and geomancy. Their understanding was garnered from manuscripts and early-modern printed texts, and supplemented by the magical knowledge recently unlocked through archaeological discoveries from the ancient Egyptian and Hellenistic worlds. The founders of the Golden Dawn movement were Freemasons, and the hierarchical structure of the Order and its initiations were based on masonic organizational principles. While never numbering more than a few hundred, the Order attracted influential figures in the artistic world, such as the Irish poet W.B. Yeats (1865–1939). Furthermore, the magic books published by some of its members would go on to inspire the imaginations of many artists, musicians, writers, and film makers across the Western world right up to the present day.
Samuel Liddell Mathers (1854–1918), one of the masonic founders of the Golden Dawn, published the first English print edition of the Key or Clavicule of Solomone. He pieced it together from several manuscripts in different languages, mostly 17th-century examples held in the British Library, which, in turn, borrowed from late medieval grimoires of spirit conjuration. First published in 1889, it has been through dozens of editions and is still in print today. In typically outrageous fashion, De Laurence also published an American edition in 1914 without permission, ensuring that the book reached a much wider and culturally diverse international readership through his catalogs than Mathers intended. Mathers produced another translation the following decade, this time of The Book of the Sacred Magic of Abramelin the Mage, a French manuscript from around 1700 kept in the Bibliothèque de l’Arsenal in Paris, and supposedly the work of a medieval Egyptian adept. While Mathers practiced ritual magic with a passion, another leading member of the Golden Dawn, Arthur Edward Waite (1857–1942), was far more interested in Christian mysticism. Mathers and Waite were the chalk and cheese of the Golden Dawn, and Waite dismissed Mather’s publications as arid material for occult insight.
Waite’s contribution to the modern imagination lies in the publication of the Rider Waite tarot deck, illustrated by fellow Golden Dawn member Pamela Colman Smith (1878–1951), and which is the most widely used tarot pack today. He was also famed for his compendious collection of conjurations, the Book of Black Magic and of Pacts (1898). Subsequently published in a cheaper edition with the title, The Book of Ceremonial Magic, this was the largest compilation of conjuration rituals ever published in English, with Waite drawing upon the likes of the pseudo-Agrippa Fourth Book of Occult Philosophy and French cheap print grimoires such as the Grand Grimoire, Dragon Rouge, and Grimoire du Pape Honorius. For Waite, such books were magical trash and his purpose for printing their contents was to show their “absurd” and “iniquitous” nature. Of course, as a prolific author of books on mysticism and alchemy, Waite was also looking to make a bit of money.
The notorious Aleister Crowley (1875–1947) was another important figure publishing old magic during this early 20th-century Magical Revival. As a youthful member of the Golden Dawn, Crowley was mentored by Mathers but both were in the possession of big egos, and they eventually fell out. Crowley went on to cofound his own ceremonial magic group the A∴A∴, also known as the Argenteum Astrum. As an act of revenge after their argument, Crowley published one of Mather’s transcribed manuscripts without permission—this time a 17-century grimoire held in the British Library that included a list of spirits, parts of which were evidently copied from Reginald Scot’s Discoverie. Although hardly a bestseller, The Book of the Goetia of Solomon the King (1904) injected the word “goetia”—meaning the summoning of spirits—into the creative consciousness.
One of those inspired by all these works was a former colonial civil servant named Gerald Gardner (1884–1964). He claimed to have been initiated into a secret, pagan English witch cult that had survived centuries of persecution. According to Gardner’s story, he was given the ancient rituals and knowledge of the coven in the form of an old manuscript called the Book of Shadows. This became the founding text of his new pagan religion, known as Wicca. It was the sort of discovery story seen many times before in the history of grimoires. The physical book that he subsequently showed to his coven members was proven to have borrowed content from both Mathers’ Key of Solomon and Crowley’s rituals. The Book of Shadows that came to be used widely by Wiccans was a re-write by the High Priestess of Gardner’s coven, Doreen Valiente (1922–1999). She set about cutting out what she called the “Crowleyanity,” and added her own distinctive creative content. Several decades on from the founding of Wicca, contemporary Paganism would develop into diverse strands, and the idea of the solitary practitioner grew stronger and stronger. Rather than be tied to coven hierarchies and single texts, modern witches began to create their own Books of Shadows, inventing their own rituals and spells from published books of magic, both old and new.
From Art of the Grimoire: An Illustrated History of Magic Books and Spells by Owen Davies. Published by Yale University Press in 2023. Reproduced with permission.
Owen Davies is professor of social history at the University of Hertfordshire and president of the Folklore Society. He is the author of numerous books on the history of witchcraft, magic, ghosts, and popular medicine.
Biography of Gerald Gardner and the Gardnerian Wiccan Tradition
Patti Wigington is a pagan author, educator, and licensed clergy. She is the author of Daily Spellbook for the Good Witch, Wicca Practical Magic and The Daily Spell Journal.
Updated on May 13, 2019Gerald Brousseau Gardner (1884–1964) was born in Lancashire, England. As a teen, he moved to Ceylon, and shortly prior to World War I, relocated to Malaya, where he worked as a civil servant. During his travels, he formed an interest in native cultures and became a bit of an amateur folklorist. In particular, he was interested in indigenous magic and ritual practices.
Upon returning to England in the 1930s, Gardner became an active member of the Coven, participating in rituals and receiving initiation rites. As a determined advocate for the resurgence of witchcraft, Gardner sought to preserve and spread the knowledge of traditional witchcraft in a modern context. In the 1940s, Gardner began to develop his own system of witchcraft, which he called the "Book of Shadows.
Forming Gardnerian Wicca
After several decades abroad, Gardner returned to England in the 1930s and settled near the New Forest. It was here that he discovered European occultism and beliefs, and - according to his biography, claimed that he was initiated into the New Forest coven. Gardner believed that the witchcraft being practiced by this group was a holdover from an early, pre-Christian witch cult, much like the ones described in the writings of Margaret Murray.
Gardner took many of the practices and beliefs of the New Forest coven, combined them with ceremonial magic, Kabbalah, and the writings of Aleister Crowley, as well as other sources. Together, this package of beliefs and practices became the Gardnerian tradition of Wicca. Gardner initiated a number of high priestesses into his coven, who in turn initiated new members of their own. In this manner, Wicca spread throughout the UK.
In 1964, on his way back from a trip to Lebanon, Gardner suffered a fatal heart attack at breakfast on the ship on which he traveled. At the next port of call, in Tunisia, his body was removed from the ship and buried. Legend has it that only the ship's captain was in attendance. In 2007, he was re-interred in a different cemetery, where a plaque on his headstone reads, "Father of Modern Wicca. Beloved of the Great Goddess."
" This grimoire, a collection of rituals, spells, and magickal lore, formed the foundation of Wicca. Gardner's approach combined elements of ceremonial magic, folk traditions, and ceremonial witchcraft. In 1954, Gardner published a book titled "Witchcraft Today," which introduced the public to modern witchcraft and his newly formed religion. The book broke new ground by openly discussing witchcraft and challenging prevailing social and religious norms. It sparked interest in Wicca and influenced subsequent generations of practitioners. Gardner founded the Bricket Wood Coven in Hertfordshire, England, where initiates learned and practiced Wiccan rites. He also established the Museum of Witchcraft on the Isle of Man to showcase artifacts and promote understanding of witchcraft history and culture. After Gerald Gardner's death on February 12, 1964, others carried on his legacy, further developing and adapting Wicca. Wicca grew in popularity both in the United Kingdom and internationally, with various traditions and offshoots emerging. While Gardner's contributions to Wicca remain significant, it is essential to note that Wicca draws on earlier pagan and witchcraft traditions. Gardner synthesized and adapted these existing practices, providing a framework for a modern religious movement that continues to evolve today..
Reviews for "Gerald Gardner's Gardnerian Book of Shadows: An Essential Text for Wiccans"
1. Mark - 1/5 Stars
I found "Founder of Wicca" to be poorly researched and did not provide any insightful information about the subject. The author seemed to present their own biased opinions instead of presenting a balanced view of Wicca's origins. Additionally, the writing style was repetitive and lacked coherence, making it difficult to follow the author's arguments. Overall, I was highly disappointed with this book and would not recommend it to anyone seeking a detailed and accurate account of the founding of Wicca.
2. Sarah - 2/5 Stars
While "Founder of Wicca" attempted to delve into the history of Wicca, I felt that it fell short in providing a comprehensive understanding of the subject. The book lacked depth, simply rehashing popular beliefs and myths without offering any new insights or analysis. The writing itself was lacking in organization, making it difficult to follow the chronology of events and understand how the different aspects of Wicca came together. Overall, I was left unsatisfied by this book and would recommend looking for more reputable sources to learn about Wicca's origins.
3. John - 2/5 Stars
I was really hoping to gain a better understanding of Wicca and its founder through this book, but unfortunately, "Founder of Wicca" failed to meet my expectations. The writing style was dry and overly academic, making it difficult to stay engaged with the material. Additionally, the author seemed to focus more on debunking myths and misconceptions about Wicca rather than providing a clear and concise account of the religion's beginnings. Overall, I found this book to be lacking in both substance and readability.