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One of my favorite parts of writing SALT & STORM was researching stories of sea witches and water magic and diving into the world of superstition and legend that surrounds sailing. I was careful to make the details of SALT & STORM as historically accurate as possible, so that my main character, Avery, wears the kinds of things a real girl in 1869 would wear and that the island on which she lives had the look, feel, smells, and sounds of a real New England whaling town, but I also drew on historical research to help build and develop the magical aspects of the book.

In the first chapter, Avery sits down with her grandmother, a famous water witch, and learns the secrets of tying the winds in three knots of a piece of rope. It sounds like pure fantasy, but I actually based it on a real practice described by a sixteenth century Swedish historian:

“The Finlanders … knit three magical knots, … and they gave them to the merchants, observing this rule, that when they unloosed the first, they should have a good gale of wind; when the second, a stronger wind; but when they untied the third, they should have such cruel tempests that they should not be able to look out of the forecastle to avoid the rocks, nor move a foot to pull down the sails, nor stand at the helm to go/ern the ship; and they made an unhappy trial of the truth of it, who denied that there was any such power in the knots”

Sailors have always been extremely superstitious, with a complicated understanding of rules and omens designed to keep them safe at sea (for example: never set sail on Friday). In SALT & STORM, the characters use tattoos to give themselves special abilities and magical powers, which I based on real sailing traditions. You can still see sailors wearing tattoos that are supposed to give them magical protection, like “HOLD FAST” written across the knuckles (meant to keep a sailor secure in the rigging) or images of a rooster and pig (said to protect against drowning).

As the home of the Salem witch trials and the birthplace of the American whaling industry, New England has a complicated history with magic and sailing. Stories of witch trials are full of women accused of cursing ships or raising storms out of retribution, like these examples from seventeenth century Scottish accounts:

Margaret Barclay caused the wreck of a ship by molding a figure of it in wax and casting it into the sea. She sank her husband's brother's ship, in sight of land.

Violet Leys, because of her husband's discharge from a ship, so haunted it with storms that it was near being lost, and much cargo was thrown overboard.

A Dunrosses witch, becoming vexed at a boat's crew, put a wooden cup into a bowl of water, and sang to the devil. The water became agitated, the cup overturned, and the boat never came in.

Many women accused of witchcraft were often just independent or eccentric women, living alone in a time when women were expected to marry, remarry, or live with family. A woman with special knowledge of healing or midwifery might get a reputation as a witch, but she would often be tolerated or even respected for her skills—until a shipwreck or a bad storm hit. These women, already alone and vulnerable, lived at the mercy of the changing opinions of the communities in which they lived, something that the witches in SALT & STORM also have to learn to navigate. Avery’s grandmother often warns her that, despite their importance to the islanders, she has to be careful not to upset them or they’ll turn on the Roes.

In the end, a lot of these stories came back to one thing: the sea is a wild, unpredictable, dangerous place. From the endless lists of sailing superstitions to the witch trials that tried to punish innocent people for devastating storms, people will do anything to believe they have some way to control what happens to them on the ocean—and in their lives. I loved taking those feelings and bringing them into a world where magic exists and where, as Avery learns, not even magic can give you control over your fate.

“The Finlanders … knit three magical knots, … and they gave them to the merchants, observing this rule, that when they unloosed the first, they should have a good gale of wind; when the second, a stronger wind; but when they untied the third, they should have such cruel tempests that they should not be able to look out of the forecastle to avoid the rocks, nor move a foot to pull down the sails, nor stand at the helm to go/ern the ship; and they made an unhappy trial of the truth of it, who denied that there was any such power in the knots”

In folklore, the wizened witch often acts as a catalyst for the hero's journey or as a mentor figure. She provides the hero with magical tools or advice needed to overcome obstacles and succeed in their quest. However, she is also capable of testing the bravery or character of the hero through trials or riddles. The wizened witch embodies the duality of human nature, with both light and dark aspects. She may possess knowledge of dark and forbidden magic or be capable of casting curses and hexes. This adds an element of danger and unpredictability to her character, making her feared and respected in equal measure. In popular culture, the wizened witch has been portrayed in various forms. From the fairy godmother in Cinderella to the iconic character of the Witch in The Wizard of Oz, the archetype has evolved and taken on different interpretations. However, the core elements of wisdom, power, and enigma remain consistent across these depictions. The wizened witch continues to captivate audiences and remains an enduring figure in fantasy literature, movies, and other forms of media. Whether she is portrayed as a benevolent guide or a malevolent antagonist, the wizened witch represents the complex and mysterious nature of the human psyche, embodying the timeless allure of magic and the unknown..

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