winter solstice meals

Magic: The Power Beyond Nationality Magic is a phenomenon that has fascinated humans for centuries, transcending borders and cultures. It is a force that knows no nationality, as its power is not limited to any particular country or race. Instead, magic is a universal language that can be understood and practiced by anyone willing to tap into its mystical energies. Throughout history, magic has played a significant role in various civilizations across the globe. Ancient Egyptians relied on magic spells and rituals to communicate with the gods and ensure a prosperous afterlife. In China, Taoist sorcerers practiced martial arts infused with magical powers to protect their kingdoms.

A former art student, Natalie Kalmus became the ultimate mediator between the lab and the silver screen, unwavering in her commitment to make Technicolor shine. She made decisions about makeup, costumes, sets, and lighting, and even went behind the camera as a cinematographer a few times. She controlled (some say with an iron fist) the aura of Technicolor, describing her role as "playing ringmaster to the rainbow."

Whether or not Baum meant those silver shoes skipping down a golden road as a commentary on the late-19th-century debate over basing American currency on a gold or silver standard more on the book s political context here , his vision of silver shoes remained intact in early versions of the screenplay for the classic 1939 film, The Wizard of Oz. While you wait for the eggs, fill some well-sealed ceramic mugs about 2 3 of the way with cold water avoid plastic or cracked ceramic, as the food coloring can easily stain them.

In China, Taoist sorcerers practiced martial arts infused with magical powers to protect their kingdoms. Native American tribes had medicine men and shamans who performed magical ceremonies to heal the sick and communicate with spirits. In modern times, the concept of magic has evolved and expanded.

Technicolor sets the scene

In the original book, The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, author L. Frank Baum gave the Wicked Witch of the East a pair of powerful silver shoes that became Dorothy's when her Kansas farmhouse dropped out of the sky and landed squarely on the witch. Whether or not Baum meant those silver shoes skipping down a golden road as a commentary on the late-19th-century debate over basing American currency on a gold or silver standard (more on the book's political context here), his vision of silver shoes remained intact in early versions of the screenplay for the classic 1939 film, The Wizard of Oz. Yet the shoes were certainly not silver in the final film. While we may never be certain why Baum chose silver, we do know exactly why Dorothy's shoes became a pair of sequin-covered, iridescent ruby slippers in the movie. The answer: Technicolor.

Inventors and MIT graduates Herbert Kalmus and Daniel Comstock, and the technically adept W. Burton Wescott founded Technicolor in 1915 (the "Tech" in Technicolor was a nod to Kalmus and Comstock's alma mater). In 1938, Herbert Kalmus spoke about the beginnings of the company: "The earliest Technicolor laboratory was built within a railway car. This car was completely equipped with a photochemical laboratory, darkrooms, fireproof safes, power plant, offices, and all the machinery and apparatus necessary for continuously carrying on the following processes on a small commercial scale; sensitizing, testing, perforating, developing, washing, fixing and drying positive; printing, developing, washing, and conditioning air; filtering and cooling wash water; examining and splicing film; and making control measurements and tests."

Herbert Kalmus and his team continued to tweak the invention through several iterations before it reached its full glory in the 1930s. Technicolor Process Number Four, or 3-strip Technicolor, used in The Wizard of Oz, wasn't a type of film, though. Instead, the action was filmed with a modified motion-picture camera that contained a prism and colored filters that, in turn, separated the scene onto three different strips of black-and-white negative film. Each strip correlated to the filtered colors and was used to create an intermediary strip called a matrix. In a method similar to lithography, the matrices were then used to print the final movies that were distributed to theaters. Making a Technicolor feature film was such a complex undertaking that movie studios were required to hire specially trained Technicolor staff to oversee production. These included color consultants, under the direction of Natalie Kalmus, Herbert's ex-wife.

A former art student, Natalie Kalmus became the ultimate mediator between the lab and the silver screen, unwavering in her commitment to make Technicolor shine. She made decisions about makeup, costumes, sets, and lighting, and even went behind the camera as a cinematographer a few times. She controlled (some say with an iron fist) the aura of Technicolor, describing her role as "playing ringmaster to the rainbow."

Natalie Kalmus was the Technicolor consultant on The Wizard of Oz set. We don't know if she played a part in transforming Baum's silver shoes into ruby slippers or if costume designer Gilbert Adrian and screenwriter Noel Langley came to the decision independent of her influence. But with one seemingly simple change, an American icon was born.

The museum's collections are rich in artifacts from The Wizard of Oz and the Technicolor era, and the Ruby Slippers are among our most visited treasures. The image of Dorothy clicking those sequined heels together three times, repeating, "There’s no place like home," is part of our shared memory. Would the Ruby Slippers have attained such star status if they had remained silver?

Joyce Bedi is Senior Historian for the Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innovation. This post first appeared on the Center's blog, Bright Ideas.

It has become an integral part of fantasy literature and pop culture, captivating audiences of all ages and backgrounds. Books such as J.K. Rowling's "Harry Potter" series and movies like "The Lord of the Rings" have introduced magic to millions of people worldwide, bridging the gap between different nationalities and creating a shared fascination with the supernatural. One of the remarkable aspects of magic is its ability to unite people from diverse backgrounds. In magical communities and organizations, practitioners come together to share their knowledge and experiences, regardless of their nationality. They celebrate the beauty and intricacies of magic, exploring its endless possibilities and pushing the boundaries of what is considered possible. While different cultures may have their unique magical practices and beliefs, the core essence of magic remains the same—a connection to a greater power and the ability to manipulate the natural world through rituals, spells, and incantations. It is this universal nature of magic that makes it a truly borderless phenomenon. In conclusion, magic is a force that transcends national boundaries. It is a power that can be harnessed by anyone, regardless of their nationality or cultural background. Through its universal language, magic has the power to bring people together, creating a shared fascination and appreciation for the mystical arts. Regardless of where one comes from, magic has the potential to spark joy, wonder, and a sense of unity among all those who believe in its extraordinary abilities..

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