The Role of the Green Man and the Goddess in Wiccan Fertility Festivals

The Wiccan fertility festival is an important event in the Wiccan calendar that celebrates the cycle of life, death, and rebirth. It is often referred to as Beltane or May Day and is typically celebrated on May 1st. During this festival, Wiccans honor and give thanks for the abundance and fertility of the Earth. The festival is seen as a time of transition as winter turns into spring. It marks the halfway point between the spring equinox and the summer solstice. Wiccans believe that the energy of the Earth is at its peak during this time, and they harness this energy to promote growth, fertility, and abundance in their lives.

Both groups have taken a proteomic sequencing approach. In collaboration with SongQin Pan, also at UC Riverside, Adams’ graduate student Ryan Arvidson used an approach called
multidimensional protein identification technology, better known by its acronym, MudPIT. This mass-spectrometric analysis is useful for studying complex protein mixtures.

Libersat invited Adams, who is based at the University of California, Riverside, to spend some time with his group in Israel to work on the jewel wasp venom. trip Feats Blind-Fight, Disruptive, Greater Bull Rush, Improved Bull Rush, Power Attack, Step Up, Weapon Focus dwarven waraxe , Weapon Specialization dwarven waraxe Skills Climb 10, Intimidate 8, Perception 5 7 to notice unusual stonework , Survival 10 Languages Common, Dwarven SQ armor training 2 Combat Gear oil of magic weapon 2 , potion of aid, potion of bull s strength, potions of cure moderate wounds; Other Gear 1 heavy trooper armor, masterwork cold iron dwarven waraxe, masterwork assault rifle with 2 extra magazines, concussion grenade, fragmentation grenade, 21 gp Languages Common, Dwarven, Sylvan SQ armor training 2.

Wiccans believe that the energy of the Earth is at its peak during this time, and they harness this energy to promote growth, fertility, and abundance in their lives. The festivities typically involve outdoor rituals and celebrations. Wiccans may gather in groups called covens or go out into nature alone to connect with the Earth and celebrate its fertility.

The cockroach hunter’s spell

The venom of the female jewel wasp renders her victims docile so that her offspring can feast. Scientists wonder if this strange brew might teach us a thing or two about human neurobiology.

For centuries, the jewel wasp has captivated entomologists with its beauty and, in the case of the female, its hunting prowess. The wasp doesn’t kill its prey right away. Instead, it injects a special venom into its cockroach victim, putting it into a bewitched state. The wasp then builds a burrow, drags in the zoned-out cockroach, lays an egg on it and buries it. The larva that emerges gradually eats the cockroach alive.

Over the past two decades, researchers have been trying to tease out the molecular composition of this unusual venom. Not only could the results help researchers understand how this venom acts on an animal’s central nervous system, but they also could lead to a better understanding of certain human neurological disorders that have some of the same symptoms as those found in the entranced cockroach.

The female Ampulex compressa and its taming of cockroaches were most vividly described in a 1942 paper by the entomologist Francis Xavier Williams.

“Ampulex compressa is a large, beautiful wasp with a shining blue-green body and with the femora or thighs of the second and third pairs of legs red … Mrs. Williams, who took great interest in this scintillating blue-green insect, very aptly named it the ‘jewel wasp.’”

From 1916 to 1948, Williams was an employee of the Experiment Station of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Association. In May 1940, his employer sent him to New Caledonia, an archipelago in the southwest Pacific Ocean 750 miles east of Australia. Williams was to survey insects and catalog those that might devastate Hawaii’s sugarcane industry. In those days, Pan American Airways ran clippers between Hawaii and New Zealand, stopping off at New Caledonia for refueling; the concern was that the clippers inadvertently would carry insects from New Caledonia to Hawaii and harm the state’s economically valuable crops.

But Williams knew that New Caledonia was one of the tropical homes of the jewel wasp. He saw this survey trip as an opportunity to bring the wasp to Hawaii and use the animal as roach control. He described the story of traveling with his wife to Noumea, the capital of New Caledonia, to bring back both male and female wasps to Hawaii.

“The jewel wasp puts up a wonderful exhibition of boldness, skill and strength in the attack on her often huge prey, once to the effect that a French scientist upon witnessing such a battle in our hotel room laboratory in New Caledonia, much impressed, exclaimed: ‘C’est formidable!’”

In the late 1980s, Frederic Libersat was a postdoctoral fellow at Hebrew University in Israel working on cockroaches. “I was interested in how the nervous system generates movement,” he says. “Cockroaches are a good model to study, because their nervous system is less complicated than that of a mammal. You can find some rules of organization of the nervous system to produce movement.”

At Hebrew University, Libersat met a visiting German scientist, Werner Rathmayer. Rathmayer was studying the bee wolf, a wasp that hunts bees, but he happened to have a jewel wasp in an aquarium in his office in Germany.

At that time, not much was known about how the female wasp managed to tame the cockroach. Given Libersat’s work on cockroaches, Rathmayer told him about the wasp and how it was capable of manipulating the cockroach’s central nervous system in mysterious ways. The wasp’s venom somehow made the cockroach unable to initiate walking on its own, putting it in a state known as hypokinesia. But when the wasp grabbed the cockroach by its antennae with its mandibles, it could lead the cockroach like a reined horse.

“I thought this would give me some window into understanding how walking is initiated in an insect, or any animal, as a matter of fact,” says Libersat, now at Ben Gurion University in Israel . Movement can be initiated by a stimulus, such as food, a sexual partner or scent. “But sometimes, an animal also initiates what’s called exploratory movement,” says Libersat . What causes animals to make these movements that don’t have clear-cut rewards?

And so began Libersat’s careerlong interest in the female jewel wasp and its unusual manipulation of Periplaneta americana, the inch-long, dark brown flying cockroach that sends many of us screaming from the room.

The proteomic analysis

If you’d like to learn more about wasp venom, check out Ryan Arvidson’s poster at the ASBMB annual meeting in San Diego. Arvidson will be presenting his poster, “Developing the venom of the parasitoid wasp Ampulex compressa,” between 12:15 p.m. and 1:45 p.m. on Monday, April 28, at poster board number D235. The abstract number is 4947. Photo provided by Ryan Arvidson.

About 15 years ago, Libersat noticed the work that Michael Adams was doing with spider venom. Libersat invited Adams, who is based at the University of California, Riverside, to spend some time with his group in Israel to work on the jewel wasp venom. Libersat was immersed in understanding the neurological effects of the venom on the cockroach, but he also wanted to know the chemical composition of it. Libersat and Adams have collaborated over the years, and now both are working on the molecular composition of the venom.

Both groups have taken a proteomic sequencing approach. In collaboration with SongQin Pan, also at UC Riverside, Adams’ graduate student Ryan Arvidson used an approach called
multidimensional protein identification technology, better known by its acronym, MudPIT. This mass-spectrometric analysis is useful for studying complex protein mixtures.

The investigators earlier had built two databases of RNA sequences in collaboration with Peter Arensburger, now at the California Polytechnic State University, which they used for their MudPIT analyses to confirm that the protein identifications they made matched up with the transcripts in their databases.

To analyze wasp venom, one has to collect it. The approach is “artisanal,” jokes Libersat, whose group developed it. A researcher first stretches Parafilm across a Petri dish with a 5-µL droplet of water. Then he or she puts a female wasp in a pipette tip, abdomen first, so that the wasp’s stinger protrudes from the opening. The pipette tip then gets attached to a syringe. Then, as Arvidson delicately puts it, “we antagonize the wasp.”

The researcher positions the trapped wasp over the Parafilm-covered Petri dish and pushes the plunger of the syringe to bang the wasp on the head. The infuriated wasp pierces the Parafilm in an attempt to sting the offender. The piercing action triggers venom release, and the wasp deposits about 50 nL of venom into the water droplet in the dish. The sample is then flash-frozen. A wasp can be milked up to 40 times. For their proteomic analyses, Arvidson says, they needed to milk about 50 wasps to get a sufficient amount of sample.

Arvidson thinks they may have found peptides that are known to affect motor function. The investigators also have found some novel peptides: These peptides are present in the venom at particularly high concentrations and seem to be involved in inhibiting entry of calcium into neurons through a G-protein-coupled receptor pathway. “When we put the venom on cell culture, we see inhibition of calcium dynamics. We can talk a lot about how affecting calcium entry into a neuron can prevent it from firing, but as far as that leading to the hypokinesia, we haven’t made that connection yet,” says Adams.

Unlike some other venoms, the jewel wasp’s venom doesn’t cause paralysis in victims. Rather, it changes the cockroach’s behavior. It’s important to remember, says Libersat, that the wasp itself doesn’t use the cockroach as a food source. The wasp’s offspring needs the cockroach as food. The wasp “wants to keep (the cockroach) very much alive and fresh,” says Libersat. “The last thing it wants is muscular paralysis, which would prevent, for instance, gas exchanges and blood circulation. That would make the prey, which is the food item, rot within a few hours.”

“As a rule, Ampulex attacks the cockroach soon after the latter’s introduction into the jar. The wasp, then becoming very alert and with antennae directed towards her intended victim, approaches it from the side in front and with a short lightning leap… Immediately directing her flexible abdomen forward and underneath the cockroach’s thorax, she extends the point of her abdomen in search of a vital place in which to plunge her sting… The cockroach, now thoroughly frightened, struggles furiously, twisting, straining and describing short jerky circles, parrying with its legs, and striving particularly to tuck in its chin so that the tenaciously clinging wasp will not sting its throat.”

Libersat explains that the wasp takes a two-pronged approach in taming its victim. The wasp first inflicts a sting to the cockroach’s thorax. The first sting’s venom causes a temporary paralysis of about two to three minutes at the cockroach’s forelegs, which allows the wasp to get a better grip of the cockroach’s front end and position its stinger over the cockroach’s head. The first venom’s action has been worked out by using patch-clamp analyses and other approaches, says Libersat. The first venom, which contains a high concentration of GABA, causes chloride channels to open up and inhibit synaptic transmission at the neurons.

“It receives a sting in the thorax, its struggles become more feeble, and as the Ampulex thrusts her sting deep into its throat the head is thereby forced outwards on a membranous neck. After a few moments of injecting the poison, the wasp releases her hold and now backs off to view her work alertly. She may even grasp the cockroach and make pretense at dragging it away but usually leaves it in place — a wretched spectacle, head down and helpless though not immobile and later regaining considerable activity.”

The second venom goes directly into the cockroach’s brain. Known neurotransmitters, including dopamine, GABA and taurine, have been found in the venom. The dopamine is thought to kick off a grooming response in the cockroach. The cockroach stands in one spot, cleaning its antennae and forelegs, while the wasp busies itself in getting a burrow ready. After this 30-minute grooming stage, the cockroach falls into the zoned-out state of hypokinesia.

Once the wasp has prepared a burrow and pulled the cockroach in, it glues an egg to the underside of the bug and buries it. The egg hatches, and the larva grows latched on the cockroach. Once the larva has grown its final set of mandibles, it begins to chew into the roach, eventually climbing in completely. Inside the still-living host, the larva enters the pupal stage, forms a cocoon and matures. It emerges as a fully formed wasp.

“The last pair of jaws are large and stout-toothed, and it is with these that the larva immediately bites through the cockroach’s body to enter it and feed within … The larva now feeds ravenously within its weakening host, hollowing out its body even to the base of the legs. The cockroach soon perishes – having provided the wasp during its life as a grub with a continuous supply of fresh meat.”

Francis Xavier Williams

Williams contributed more to the science of entomology than just his detailed observations and illustrations of the female Ampulex hunting behavior. A globetrotter, Williams traveled through the Galapagos Islands, the United States, the Philippines, parts of Central and South America, and East Africa in his pursuit of insects.

In his expedition to the Galapagos Islands alone, between 1905 and 1906, he collected more than 4,000 insects from which scores of new species were described. Williams himself proposed 146 new taxa in three orders of Insecta, including five genera, one subgenus, 132 species, six subspecies and two replacement names.

In his career of six decades, Williams published 286 scientific papers as well as the 400-page reference book “Handbook of the Insects and Other Invertebrates of Hawaiian Sugar Cane Fields.” In 1946, Williams published a popular book, “Mike the Minah,” which he had coauthored with his wife Louisa Clark Williams. He died in California, the state where he was born, in 1967 at age 85.

Another notable attribute of the venom, besides not causing paralysis, is that it’s reversible. If, for some reason, the wasp egg doesn’t hatch, the stung roach regains its senses five days later inside its tomb. Laboratory studies have shown “stung cockroaches tend to live as long as control cockroaches after the sting, can lay eggs, have babies and go on about their normal lives even after the encounter with the wasp,” says Adams. Libersat adds that it’s interesting to note that five days is exactly the time it takes for a larva to eat through a cockroach.

Reversible effects of biomolecules are not unusual, points out Libersat. “There are things that are secreted by your own brain that can affect you for periods of weeks or months, like a woman’s menstrual cycle,” he explains. “You can imagine that there is something in the venom that has an effect that lasts for a week.”

Given the evolutionary conservation of the dopaminergic system between insects and humans, the experts think that the study of the insect system may have an impact on human illnesses, such as Parkinson’s.

“One of the hallmarks of Parkinson disease is the inability of people to generate movement. One of the treatments of Parkinson disease is to supply them with a precursor to dopamine because the dopaminergic system is malfunctioning,” says Libersat. “The dopaminergic system is involved in controlling the initiation of locomotion in insects as well.”

The wasp venom’s dopamine probably attacks the cockroach’s dopaminergic synaptic transmission. “The cockroaches show the classical freezing movements of Parkinson-disease patients,” says Libersat. “The roaches are immobile, but they can generate movement in specific conditions, such as being led by the antennae by the wasp.”

So much like scientists of yesterday, present-day scientists continue to be fascinated by the parasitic jewel wasp and her manipulative ways with her cockroach victim. As Williams described, it wasn’t just scientists who found this wasp to be a wonder to behold:

“On our Pan American Airways voyage from Nouméa to Honolulu, we stopped for a day and a half at the equatorial atoll of Canton. Here the two Ampulex jars were brought out of their travel bags, a large cockroach was given to each of the wasps, and the airplane passengers, the airplane and the ground crews were treated to an exciting rough-and-tumble performance.”

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Yes, that is RAW. I just figured it was easier to have one list to read instead of two. In any case, the Archives of Nethys list is more comprehensive than mine, because it includes sources that I omitted.

They may dance around a maypole, which is a tall pole adorned with flowers and ribbons, symbolizing the unity between the masculine and feminine energies. The weaving of the ribbons around the pole represents the intertwining of these energies to bring forth new life. Bonfires are another integral part of the Wiccan fertility festival. The fire is believed to symbolize the Sun's energy and its power to bring warmth and abundance to the Earth. Wiccans may jump over the fire to cleanse themselves of any negative energy and to invite positive transformation into their lives. The festival also involves offerings and rituals to honor various gods and goddesses associated with fertility and the natural world. Wiccans may create altars with fresh flowers, fruits, and other symbols of fertility, and they may perform rituals to invoke the blessings of these deities. The Wiccan fertility festival is deeply rooted in the belief in the interconnectedness of all living beings and the cycles of nature. It is a time for Wiccans to express gratitude for the Earth's abundance and to actively participate in the renewal and growth of life. Through their rituals and celebrations, individuals seek to cultivate and harness the fertility and creative energy that is abundant during this time of year..

Reviews for "The Role of Dance and Music in Wiccan Fertility Festivals"

1. John - 2 stars

I attended the Wiccan fertility festival with an open mind, hoping to learn about different spiritual practices. However, I was highly disappointed with the event. Firstly, the organizers did not provide any clear instructions or explanations about what was happening. As a result, I felt lost and confused throughout the entire festival. Additionally, the whole event lacked structure and meaningful activities. It felt more like a chaotic gathering of people rather than a well-planned and meaningful spiritual experience. Overall, I did not find the Wiccan fertility festival to be worth my time or money.

2. Emily - 2.5 stars

I have always been interested in alternative forms of spirituality, so I decided to give the Wiccan fertility festival a try. Unfortunately, it fell short of my expectations. The festival lacked diversity and inclusivity, which was a major letdown for me. I was hoping to engage in enriching conversations and learn from people of different backgrounds, but it seemed like everyone there belonged to the same homogeneous group. Additionally, the event was disorganized, with no clear agenda or program. It felt more like a casual gathering rather than a purposeful and meaningful festival. I left feeling unfulfilled and disappointed.

3. Sarah - 3 stars

The Wiccan fertility festival had a lot of potential, but it failed to live up to my expectations. While the concept of celebrating fertility and nature is intriguing, the execution fell short. The event lacked structure and organization, leaving attendees confused about what was happening and when. Moreover, there was a lack of engaging activities and workshops. I was hoping to learn more about Wiccan practices and spirituality, but it felt more like a social gathering rather than an educational event. Despite the shortcomings, I appreciated the effort put into creating a space for like-minded individuals to connect, but it could have been executed much better.

Celebrating Beltane: The Ultimate Wiccan Fertility Festival