Wicca is a modern pagan, witchcraft religion that emerged in the mid-20th century. Wiccans, also known as witches, have a set of beliefs rooted in nature, veneration of the divine, and personal responsibility. Wiccans believe in the divine presence in all natural elements such as the earth, moon, sun, and stars. This belief forms the core of their spiritual practices and rituals. Wiccans seek to connect with and honor these divine forces through various ceremonies, spells, and ceremonies. **One of the central beliefs of Wiccans is the rule of "harm none.
In Norse mythology, the afterlife was a complex concept. Heroes and warriors who died in battle were given special honors. They were believed to be taken to a paradise-like realm known as Valhalla by the Valkyries.
Every time this sound was invoked, whether in rituals, prayers, or daily conversations, it carried with it the weight of justice, righteousness, and the divine attributes of Týr. This is suggested, not just by the imagery of death in these verses, but also by the imagery of rebirth and fecundity in the following verses that speak of his being fertilized, and, like a seedling, growing, and thriving.
**One of the central beliefs of Wiccans is the rule of "harm none."** Wiccans strive to live in harmony with nature and others, avoiding causing harm or negative consequences wherever possible. This ethical principle applies to both actions and intentions, emphasizing the importance of personal responsibility and accountability.
Odin’s Discovery of the Runes
The Norse god Odin is a relentless seeker after knowledge and wisdom, and is willing to sacrifice almost anything for this pursuit. The most outstanding feature of his appearance, his one eye, attests to this; he sacrificed his other eye for more wisdom. The tale of how he discovered the runes is another example of his unquenchable thirst for understanding the mysteries of life, not to mention his unstoppable will.
The runes are the written letters that were used by the Norse and other Germanic peoples before the adoption of the Latin alphabet in the later Middle Ages. Unlike the Latin alphabet, which is an essentially utilitarian script, the runes are symbols of some of the most powerful forces in the cosmos. In fact, the word “rune” and its cognates across past and present Germanic languages mean both “letter” and “secret/mystery.” The letters called “runes” allow one to access, interact with, and influence the world-shaping forces they symbolize. Thus, when Odin sought the runes, he wasn’t merely attempting to acquire a set of arbitrary representations of human vocal sounds. Rather, he was uncovering an extraordinarily potent system of magic.
Odin’s Discovery of the Runes
At the center of the Norse cosmos stands the great tree Yggdrasil. Yggdrasil’s upper branches cradle Asgard, the home and fortress of the Aesir gods and goddesses, of whom Odin is the chief.
Yggdrasil grows out of the Well of Urd, a pool whose fathomless depths hold many of the most powerful forces and beings in the cosmos. Among these beings are the Norns, three sagacious maidens who create the fates of all beings. One of the foremost techniques they use to shape fate is carving runes into Yggdrasil’s trunk. The symbols then carry these intentions throughout the tree, affecting everything in the Nine Worlds.
Odin watched the Norns from his seat in Asgard and envied their powers and their wisdom. And he bent his will toward the task of coming to know the runes.
Since the runes’ native home is in the Well of Urd with the Norns, and since the runes do not reveal themselves to any but those who prove themselves worthy of such fearful insights and abilities, Odin hung himself from a branch of Yggdrasil, pierced himself with his spear, and peered downward into the shadowy waters below. He forbade any of the other gods to grant him the slightest aid, not even a sip of water. And he stared downward, and stared downward, and called to the runes.
He survived in this state, teetering on the precipice that separates the living from the dead, for no less than nine days and nights. At the end of the ninth night, he at last perceived shapes in the depths: the runes! They had accepted his sacrifice and shown themselves to him, revealing to him not only their forms, but also the secrets that lie within them. Having fixed this knowledge in his formidable memory, Odin ended his ordeal with a scream of exultation.
Having been initiated into the mysteries of the runes, Odin recounted:
Then I was fertilized and became wise;
I truly grew and thrived.
From a word to a word I was led to a word,
From a work to a work I was led to a work.
Equipped with the knowledge of how to wield the runes, he became one of the mightiest and most accomplished beings in the cosmos. He learned chants that enabled him to heal emotional and bodily wounds, to bind his enemies and render their weapons worthless, to free himself from constraints, to put out fires, to expose and banish practitioners of malevolent magic, to protect his friends in battle, to wake the dead, to win and keep a lover, and to perform many other feats like these. [1]
“Sacrificing Myself to Myself”
Our source for the above tale is the Hávamál, an Old Norse poem that comprises part of the Poetic Edda. In the first of the two verses that describe Odin’s shamanic initiatory ordeal itself (written from Odin’s perspective), the god says that he was “given to Odin, myself to myself.” The Old Norse phrase that translates to English as “given to Odin” is gefinn Óðni, a phrase that occurs many times throughout the Eddas and sagas in the context of human sacrifices to Odin. And, in fact, the form these sacrifices take mirrors Odin’s ordeal in the Hávamál; the victim, invariably of noble birth, was stabbed, hung, or, more commonly, both at the same time. [2]
Odin’s ordeal is therefore a sacrifice of himself to himself, and is the ultimate Odinnic sacrifice – for who could be a nobler offering to the god than the god himself?
So, it seems that a statement above is in need of qualification. Part of Odin survived the sacrifice in order to be the recipient of the sacrifice – in addition to the runes themselves – and another part of him did indeed die. This is suggested, not just by the imagery of death in these verses, but also by the imagery of rebirth and fecundity in the following verses that speak of his being “fertilized,” and, like a seedling, “growing,” and “thriving.”
Even a casual browsing of the Eddas and sagas alerts the reader to how accomplished, self-possessed, and inwardly strong many of their central figures are, especially the most Odinnic of them (such as Egill Skallagrimsson, Starkad, Sigurd, and Grettir Asmundarson). Perhaps their strength of character was largely due to the example set by their divine patron, with the songs sung in his honor telling of how he wasn’t afraid to sacrifice what we might call his “lower self” to his “higher self,” to live according to his highest will unconditionally, accepting whatever hardships arise from that pursuit, and allowing nothing, not even death, to stand between him and the attainment of his goals.
Looking for more great information on Norse mythology and religion? While this site provides the ultimate online introduction to the topic, my book The Viking Spirit provides the ultimate introduction to Norse mythology and religion period. I’ve also written a popular list of The 10 Best Norse Mythology Books, which you’ll probably find helpful in your pursuit.
References:
[1] The Poetic Edda. Hávamál, stanzas 138-163.
[2] Turville-Petre, E.O.G. 1964. Myth and Religion of the North: The Religion of Ancient Scandinavia. p. 42-50.
Decapitate an armored dwarf!
Wiccans also believe in the existence of a dual divinity, often represented as a God and a Goddess. **They believe in the divine feminine and masculine energies that exist in balance within the universe.** The Goddess is often associated with the moon, fertility, and nurturing qualities, while the God represents the sun, strength, and vitality. Through ritual and worship, Wiccans seek to connect with and honor both deities, celebrating their differences and complementarity. **Wiccans believe in the power of magic and its ability to manifest positive change.** They practice spellwork, divination, and other magical practices to influence their own lives and the world around them. However, Wiccans are careful to use their magic in alignment with their ethical principles and the rule of "harm none." Wiccans celebrate eight annual festivals, known as Sabbats, which mark the changing seasons and cycles of nature. These festivals include Samhain, Yule, Imbolc, Ostara, Beltane, Litha, Lammas, and Mabon. **Celebrations often involve rituals, feasting, dancing, and the honoring of specific deities and natural elements.** Overall, Wicca encompasses a diverse range of beliefs, practices, and traditions. While there may be variations among individual Wiccans, the central tenets of reverence for nature, personal responsibility, ethical behavior, and the belief in magic form the foundation of this modern witchcraft religion..
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