Mafic cup horemel is a type of igneous rock that is known for its high content of magnesium and iron minerals. It is classified as a mafic rock due to its composition, which is rich in dark-colored minerals such as pyroxene and olivine. The term "cup horemel" refers to the coarse-grained texture of the rock, with individual minerals easily visible to the naked eye. Mafic cup horemel typically forms from the solidification of molten magma deep within the Earth's crust. It is commonly associated with volcanic activity and can be found in various geologic settings, including volcanic islands and rift zones. Due to its high density and low silica content, mafic cup horemel is often darker in color compared to other types of igneous rocks.
A “spirit mirror” believed to have been used by Queen Elizabeth I’s famed political advisor John Dee was crafted in Aztec Mexico around 500 years ago, reinforcing the idea that the mirror was used by the Elizabethan occultist in his attempts to communicate with angels.
A black mirror used by Queen Elizabeth I advisor John Dee to speak with angels was originally a prophetic Mesoamerican artifact, new research reveals. Resolute in his grief, his tears gave sustenance to Mayahuel, and the spire transformed into a Maguey so beautiful it overwhelmed the Aztecs when they saw it.
Due to its high density and low silica content, mafic cup horemel is often darker in color compared to other types of igneous rocks. The presence of magnesium and iron minerals gives mafic cup horemel its characteristic properties. It is typically dense, hard, and exhibits good heat resistance.
'Magic' mirror in Elizabethan court has mystical Aztec origin
A black mirror used by Queen Elizabeth I advisor John Dee to 'speak' with angels was originally a prophetic Mesoamerican artifact, new research reveals.
By Tom Metcalfe Published October 6, 2021 • 5 min read Share Tweet EmailA “spirit mirror” believed to have been used by Queen Elizabeth I’s famed political advisor John Dee was crafted in Aztec Mexico around 500 years ago, reinforcing the idea that the mirror was used by the Elizabethan occultist in his attempts to communicate with angels.
Dee was an advisor in the court of the 16th-century queen, as well as an accomplished alchemist, astrologer, cartographer and mathematician. It’s thought he may have been the model for Prospero, the magician in Shakespeare’s The Tempest.
A portrait of John Dee (1527-1608). “Dee initially straddled the fine line between natural ‘magic’, which was considered a science, and demonic magic, which was considered a perversion of religion – but the one into which he eventually crossed,” the researchers write.
Courtesy Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford Please be respectful of copyright. Unauthorized use is prohibited.Tales abound of Dee’s occult exploits, including his practice of skrying, or conjuring angels and spirits through clairvoyant tools such as crystals and mirrors. This particular “spirit mirror,” attested in the 1650s as part of John Dee’s skyring collection, was eventually purchased in the 1700s by the writer Horace Walpole, who believed it belonged to the English Renaissance polymath and was used by him in magical rituals.
The British Museum purchased the mirror in the late 1800s; it is currently on display in museum’s Enlightenment Gallery.
Researchers used a portable x-ray fluorescence scanner to examine John Dee’s mirror, as well as three other obsidian objects—two almost-identical circular mirrors and a polished rectangular slab—acquired by the British Museum from collectors in Mexico in the 1800s. The research was first published in published in the journal Antiquity in 2021.
Because chemical elements glow differently under x-rays, the scanner was able to determine a geochemical “fingerprint” for each obsidian object based on the proportions of titanium, iron, strontium, and other substances each contained. The results show the obsidian in John Dee’s mirror and one of the other mirrors could only have come from the Pachuca region of central Mexico. The other mirror and the obsidian slab, likely a portable altar, came from the Ucareo region, about 150 miles farther west.
Aztec codices, like the 16th-century Codex Tepetlaoztoc shown here, depict obsidian mirrors. Ancient Mesoamericans believed such mirrors could serve as portals to spiritual worlds.
Courtesy The Trustees of the British Museum Please be respectful of copyright. Unauthorized use is prohibited.Both regions were ruled by the Aztecs, who had a tradition of making obsidian mirrors for magical purposes, says archaeologist Stuart Campbell of the University of Manchester, the lead author of the Antiquity study. Circular obsidian mirrors are depicted in Aztec codices written soon after the time of the Spanish conquest in the early 16th century, and in depictions of the deity Tezcatlipoca (“Smoking Mirror”) who had powers of divination. The Aztecs believed the mirrors could show smoke, which would then clear to reveal a distant time or place.
Ancient Mesoamericans believed mirrors were spirit doorways to alternate worlds, “much like Alice in Through the Looking Glass,” anthropologist Karl Taube of the University of California Riverside writes in an email. “Once you deeply gaze in, you have opened up that connection.” Taube has studied Aztec mirrors but was not involved in the new research.
The finding that the British Museum “spirit mirror” is of Aztec origin reinforces the theory that Dee used it as a skryer to conjure angels and spirits, Campbell says. It’s likely that Dee, who was very interested in the exploration of the New World, knew about the mirror’s reputed magical properties when he acquired it, probably during his travels around Europe in the late 1500s. Records show that several Aztec mirrors were shipped from Mexico to Europe soon after Hernán Cortés and his troops took the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan in 1521. And like the Aztec, Europeans of the period also believed in the magical powers of mirrors, a belief that may have led Dee to try to communicate with angels through the spirit mirror.
Dee’s reputation as an Elizabethan proto-scientist remains strong in the United Kingdom (he’s the subject of an opera composed by Blur frontman Damon Albarn, for example). And his presence persists in a variety of historical accounts from the time.
“You can be reading something where you don’t expect to see him, and John Dee’s name suddenly pops up,” Campbell says. “He was involved in so many areas, and in the early stages of so many different approaches to the natural world.”
These properties make it suitable for various applications, such as construction material, road aggregate, and even as a decorative stone. Some varieties of mafic cup horemel, known as basalt, are commonly used in the construction of buildings and monuments due to their durability and attractive appearance. Mafic cup horemel also plays a significant role in the Earth's geology and the formation of other types of rocks. When magma intrudes into other rock formations, it can cause contact metamorphism, transforming the surrounding rocks into new forms. Mafic cup horemel can also undergo weathering and erosion, contributing to the formation of sediments and sedimentary rocks. Overall, mafic cup horemel is an important type of igneous rock that is characterized by its high magnesium and iron content. Its density, hardness, and heat resistance make it useful in a variety of applications, while its presence in the Earth's crust contributes to geological processes and the formation of other rocks..
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